Shiburaj Pappu

Evolutionary algorithm (EA) is a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. An EA uses  home mechanisms inspired by biological evolution: reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection. Candidate solutions to the optimization problem play the role of individuals in a population, and the tness function determines the environment within which the solutions "live" . Evolution of the population then takes place after the repeated application of the above operators.This description is deliberately based on a unifying view presenting a general scheme that forms the common basis of all Evolutionary Algorithm variants. The main components of EAs are discussed, explaining their role and related issues of terminology. Further on we discuss general issues for EAs concerning their working. Finally, we put EAs into a broader context and explain their relation with other global optimisation techniques. Download PPT,Project Rep...

This paper presents a new type of hybrid ARQ scheme for error control in data communication systems. The new scheme is based on the concept that the parity-check digits for error correction are sent to the receiver only when they are needed. Normally, data blocks with some parity-check bits for error detection are transmitted. When a data block D is detected in errors, the retransmissions are not simply repetitions of D, but alternate repetitions of a parity block P(D) and D. The parity block P(D) is formed based on D and a half-rate invertible code which is capable of correcting r or fewer errors and simultaneously detecting d ( d > r) or fewer errors. When a parity block is received, it is used to recover the originally transmitted data block either by inversion or by decoding operation. The repetitions of the parity block P(D) and the data block D are alternately stored in the receiver buffer for error correction un...

G lobal Positioning System satellites transmit signals to equipment on the ground. GPS receivers passively receive satellite signals; they do not transmit. GPS receivers require an unobstructed view of the sky, so they are used only outdoors and they often do not perform well within forested areas or near tall buildings. GPS operations depend on a very accurate time reference, which is provided by atomic clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory. Each GPS satellite has atomic clocks on board. E ach GPS satellite transmits data that indicates its location and the current time. All GPS satellites synchronize operations so that these repeating signals are transmitted at the same instant. The signals, moving at the speed of light, arrive at a GPS receiver at slightly different times because some satellites are farther away than others. The distance to the GPS satellites can be determined by estimating the amount of t...

This presentation contains the theory behind optical fiber sensing measurement and the latest trends in optical fiber sensing measurement and its applications.Smart structures and materials in which an optical fiber acts as a sensor to measure distributed strain and/or temperature along the fiber have applications in health monitoring functions, such as preventive maintenance, product efficiency improvement, and maintenance cost reduction. Furthermore, optical fiber has the advantage that it is essentially explosion-proof, needs no electric power supply, and is not affected by outside noise, such as lightening or high-voltage electrical power lines. This makes optical fiber suitable for plant and civil applications.